SAFITRI, Laela (2025) Aplikasi Pengendalian Suhu Larutan Nutrisi pada Tiga Varietas Bawang Merah (Allium ascalonicum L.) dengan Sistem Aeroponik. Skripsi thesis, Universitas Jenderal Soedirman.

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Abstract

Bawang merah merupakan salah satu komoditas hortikultura unggulan yang memiliki nilai ekonomi tinggi dan banyak dibudidayakan di sentra bawang merah. Namun, produksi nasional menunjukkan penurunan akibat alih fungsi lahan. Salah satu solusi dari permasalahan ini, yaitu sistem budidaya hidroponik, khususnya aeroponik di dalam greenhouse. Hal ini menjadi solusi alternatif yang mampu meningkatkan efisiensi lahan dan produktivitas secara berkelanjutan. Sistem aeroponik memiliki sejumlah kelebihan, seperti efisiensi penggunaan air, penyediaan air dan nutrisi yang cukup, kemudahan dalam pemanenan umbi secara bersih, peningkatan aerasi akar, serta memungkinkan produksi tanaman secara intensif di lahan terbatas. Penelitian sebelumnya pada budidaya hidroponik secara konvensional masih menghadapi keterbatasan karena belum dilengkapi dengan teknologi pengendalian lingkungan. Sehingga, suhu udara, kelembapan, dan intensitas cahaya sangat dipengaruhi oleh kondisi lingkungan sekitar yang mengakibatkan kurang stabilnya pertumbuhan tanaman. Pengendalian iklim mikro seperti suhu, merupakan faktor penting dalam sistem budidaya aeroponik karena berpengaruh langsung terhadap pertumbuhan tanaman. Suhu yang tidak sesuai dapat menyebabkan stres panas pada tanaman dan menurunkan hasil panen. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan dalam rangka 1) mengetahui pengaruh variasi pengendalian suhu larutan nutrisi untuk pertumbuhan dan hasil umbi bawang merah varietas Bima dalam sistem aeroponik dan 2) mendapatkan respon hasil pertumbuhan tiga varietas bawang merah Bima (Bima Jokowi, Bima Supra, dan Bima Curut) yang dibudidayakan dengan perlakuan suhu larutan nutrisi yang berbeda. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Experimental Farm Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Jenderal Soedirman, Purwokerto, pada ketinggian ±102 mdpl, dari bulan November 2024–Maret 2025, menggunakan sistem aeroponik dalam Greenhouse tipe Arch. Penelitian menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan dua faktor, yaitu percobaan faktorial dengan faktor pertama adalah suhu larutan (T) dengan 2 variasi suhu (25°C dan 28°C) dan faktor kedua adalah varietas (V) dengan 3 varietas bawang merah (Bima Jokowi, Bima Supra, dan Bima Curut), dengan empat ulangan, menghasilkan total 24 satuan percobaan. Variabel pengamatan meliputi parameter iklim mikro (suhu udara, kelembapan, dan intensitas cahaya) dan pertumbuhan tanaman (tinggi tanaman, jumlah daun, jumlah umbi, berat umbi, serta diameter umbi). Data iklim mikro yang mencakup suhu udara, kelembapan, dan intensitas cahaya diamati pada pukul 07.00, 13.00, dan 17.00 WIB, kemudian dianalisis secara grafik. Sementara itu, data pertumbuhan tanaman bawang merah dianalisis dengan metode statistik menggunakan sidik ragam (ANOVA) pada taraf 5%, dan jika berbeda nyata dilanjutkan dengan uji DMRT. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa suhu udara di dalam greenhouse lebih tinggi pada siang hari, dengan box tanam 1 (28°C) cenderung memiliki suhu udara lebih tinggi dibandingkan box 2 (25°C). Kelembapan relatif di dalam greenhouse selalu lebih tinggi dibandingkan di luar greenhouse, dan box 2 menunjukkan kelembapan yang lebih stabil karena suhu lebih rendah. Sementara itu, intensitas cahaya di dalam greenhouse lebih rendah dibandingkan di luar greenhouse. Perlakuan suhu larutan nutrisi dan varietas bawang merah terbukti berpengaruh nyata terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman dalam sistem aeroponik Suhu larutan 25°C memberikan hasil terbaik pada seluruh parameter pengamatan dibandingkan suhu 28°C. Varietas Bima Supra menunjukkan performa pertumbuhan dan hasil paling tinggi dibanding varietas lainnya. Kombinasi perlakuan suhu 25°C dan varietas Bima Supra menghasilkan tinggi tanaman sebesar 42,86 cm, jumlah daun 55,50 helai, jumlah umbi 12,75 buah, bobot umbi 42,68 gram, dan diameter umbi 1,91 cm. Sementara itu, kombinasi suhu 28°C dan varietas Bima Jokowi menunjukkan hasil terendah pada hampir semua parameter. Jadi, suhu larutan nutrisi 25°C dan penggunaan varietas Bima Supra direkomendasikan untuk budidaya bawang merah secara aeroponik guna menghasilkan pertumbuhan optimal dan produksi umbi yang maksimal.  SUMMARY Shallots are one of the leading horticultural commodities that have high economic value and are widely cultivated in shallot centers. However, national production has shown a decline due to land conversion. One solution to this problem is the hydroponic cultivation system, especially aeroponics in a greenhouse. This is an alternative solution that can increase land efficiency and productivity sustainably. The aeroponic system has several advantages, such as efficient water use, sufficient provision of water and nutrients, ease of clean harvesting of tubers, increased root aeration, and allows intensive plant production in limited land. Previous research on conventional hydroponic cultivation still faces limitations because it is not equipped with environmental control technology. Thus, the temperature of the nutrient solution, humidity, and light intensity are greatly influenced by the surrounding environmental conditions which result in unstable plant growth. Microclimate control such as temperature is an important factor in the aeroponic cultivation system because it directly affects plant growth. Inappropriate temperatures can cause heat stress in plants and reduce yields. Therefore, this study aims to 1) determine the variation of different nutrient solution temperature control for the growth and yield of Bima variety shallot bulbs in an aeroponic system and 2) obtain the response of the growth results of three Bima shallot varieties (Bima Jokowi, Bima Supra, and Bima Curut) cultivated with different nutrient solution temperature treatments. This research was conducted at the Experimental Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Jenderal Soedirman University, Purwokerto, at an altitude of ±102 meters above sea level, from November 2024 to March 2025, using an aeroponic system in an Arch-type greenhouse. The study used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with two factors, namely a factorial experiment with the first factor being the solution temperature (T) with 2 temperature variations (25°C and 28°C) and the second factor being the variety (V) with 3 varieties of shallots (Bima Jokowi, Bima Supra, and Bima Curut), with four replications, resulting in a total of 24 experimental units. Observation variables included microclimate parameters (air temperature, humidity, and light intensity) and plant growth (height, number of leaves, number and weight of bulbs, and bulb diameter). Microclimate data, including air temperature, humidity, and light intensity, were observed at 7:00, 1:00, and 5:00 PM WIB (Western Indonesian Time) and then analyzed graphically. Meanwhile, the growth data of shallot plants was analyzed using statistical methods using analysis of variance (ANOVA) at the 5% level, and if significantly different, continued with the DMRT test. The results of the study showed that the air temperature inside the greenhouse was higher during the day, with planting box 1 (28°C) tending to have a higher air temperature than box 2 (25°C). The relative humidity inside the greenhouse was always higher than outside the greenhouse, and box 2 showed more stable humidity because the temperature was lower. Meanwhile, the light intensity inside the greenhouse was lower than outside the greenhouse. The treatment of nutrient solution temperature and shallot varieties has been proven to have a significant effect on plant growth and yield in the aeroponic system. A solution temperature of 25°C gave the best results in all observation parameters compared to a temperature of 28°C. The Bima Supra variety showed the highest growth and yield performance compared to other varieties. The combination of 25°C temperature treatment and the Bima Supra variety produced a plant height of 42.86 cm, a number of leaves of 55.50 strands, a number of bulbs of 12.75 pieces, a bulb weight of 42.68 grams, and a bulb diameter of 1.91 cm. Meanwhile, the combination of 28°C temperature and the Bima Jokowi variety showed the lowest results in almost all parameters. Thus, a nutrient solution temperature of 25°C and the use of the Bima Supra variety are recommended for aeroponic shallot cultivation in order to produce optimal growth and maximum bulb production.

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